quête:techno inside

Alter follow on from the bilingual dark ambient theatricals of Liberez with this four track EP from veteran Hamburg producer Christoph De Babalon.

As an affiliate of Digital Hardcore, Fat Cat and the recently founded V I S, CDB has tirelessly explored the intersections of breakcore, illbient and drum and bass. His work is at once uncompromising yet stylish - broken, punishing rhythms collide with dreary, doom-laden melodies and those eerie in-between spaces of vintage Unit Moebius or Deutsch Nepal. With Hectic Shakes he delivers a meditation on the 'inner abyss', the sort of abyss that lulls the listener into his sound world with next to no resistance.

'Shakes and Shivers' fixates itself on deceptively playful grooves with eerie, nightbus-to-nowhere atmospherics whilst opening cut 'Harakiri' manages to distort familiar jungle tropes into something even die hard devotees of the sound will find fresh. The EP closes with what we can only describe as a homage to 90s ambient techno in a ruff, post-hardcore fashion. Skittering drums weave in and out of longing, futurist synth lines and enough breakdowns to satisfy the dance floor.

It has been bubbling for almost four years now inside the walls of a basement in the small-town idyll of Salzburg. Word gets around about ecstatic nights in an intimate atmosphere in the Heizkeller location of the cultural association FREAKADELLE. The monthly events held by the club culture collective, which formed in 2011, have long since become known beyond city and state borders, and so, national as well as international guest artists would frequently pay visits to Mozart town in the last years. Following the club members' wish to maintain relations to the artists beyond the fleeting transience of a night in the club, this release aims at strengthening and cementing these interpersonal ties. The compilation includes tracks by Hüseyin Evirgen aka MAGNA PIA (Cassegrain), Institut fuer Zukunft resident PERM, techno pioneer PATRICK PULSINGER and Pop theorist Didi Neidhart aka LOW PROFILER.
Limited hand-stamped 12'' edition. Comes in five different versions of screen printed sleeves.

Known for a broad swath of genre-obliterating club tracks on crucial labels including Critical, Exit, and 50Weapons, Sam Binga approached us earlier this year with a radically different kind of project, a collaboration with Welfare, true junglist and label boss at D&B bastion Rua Sound. The result of their team-up is Conamara Fieldworks. Its unique inspiration and patient process are best described by the duo themselves:

"In early November 2016, we set off through the bleakness of an Irish November into the wilderness that is Conamara, County Galway, Ireland, with about half an idea of what we wanted to do. Our friend Laney had been kind enough to allow us the use of a 300 year old cottage overlooking the sea, itself belonging to her family through generations which she was bit by bit restoring to its former glory. The isolation was perfect - very little in the way of creature comforts, no network coverage, but plenty of turf for the stove and Guinness for the belly.

Our routine for the next few days consisted of trudging the length of the rugged coastline in search of interesting sounds we could potentially process into usable elements for some kind of dub/dub techno-inspired composition...This took us inside tidal caves and abandoned ruins, across sheep fields, up and down mountains and winding country lanes, in and out of the odd pub, under upturned boats and (carefully) across huge washes of seaweed-covered shoreline. Using our handheld recorder (shouts Danny Scrilla for the lend) we assembled a palette of varied noises, constantly battling with the peaking and distortion created by the incessant Atlantic gusts.

Each evening, following some intense huddling around the stove and vital Irish home cuisine and stout, we'd examine and dissect what we had collected that day, sometimes discovering the most interesting material firmly planted in the background of the soundscapes. A certain amount of (but not too much) processing later we had the bones of a few short loops of each sound which made some kind of musical sense when played alongside each other.

Binga suggested staying true to the craft and keeping the rawness to the foreground by attempting to develop the loops into full compositions via live desk mixing, arrangement and effects. We said our goodbyes to Conamara and a month or two later said our hellos to the Dubkasm shedio. Following a crash course from the dynamic duo, we set to work for the day, learning as we went along and enjoying to the full the unpredictability, intuition and sheer vibes a dubbing session can bring, particularly in a studio kitted out with some fine analogue gear which undoubtedly helped us to keep that damp, saturated feeling that Conamara had sown."

The resulting collection of music speaks for itself, and does so in its own language. It is meditative, deeply textural, and richly saturated, with awesome sound design, generous bass weight, and dubwise finesse. Referencing ambient, concrete, and dub techno while never letting any genre dictate its path, Conamara Fieldworks is a deeply rewarding and intensely involving listen. A restrained yet transporting remix from the one Ossia completes the set.

FANTASTIC TWINS, the solo artist formerly known as The Twins, has always carried an air of transmutability - not only in a name creating its own hall of mirrors, but also in a constantly fluctuating sound, from the first spoken word interludes recorded as The Truly Fantastic Dessagne Twins From Saint-Etienne (for the Pachanga Boys' infamous 'We Are Really Sorry' album) to myth-building solo releases on Hippie Dance and Optimo Music, as well as style-bending remixes for La Mverte Vs Capablanca, Moscoman and - most recently - fellow Hippie Dancer Rebolledo.

Following the echo-drenched 'Holiday' on 'A Very Nice Combinado Volume Dos', the project from Julienne Dessagne has embarked on yet another transforming journey, leading to the latest outing with the well-suited title THE NEW YOU. Its four tracks prove Dessagne's ongoing commitment to an open sound aesthetic that works the techno blueprint from the inside out, mutating from foreboding, post-industrial landscape to dazed interzone opera in a heartbeat.

Uncanny rave polaroids from last night's ill-memorized peak floor flash up on opener SHAKE IT's mental screen, while follow-up HEY tries to herd its nervously rushing percussion to no - albeit banging - avail. The title track slowly implodes in reverse, pitting Dessagne's obsessing, molting vocals against a stubbornly no-wave-ish synth bassline and octave-hopping freeform keyboards blown to gaseous smithereens. Post-punk closer TIME SCIENCE kicks into motion with a confused diary entry turned subconscious commentary - while the psych guitar gently weeps all over the neatly arranged furniture. Welcome back, newcomers!

Fourth release by Japanese artist Kosei Fukuda from his own platform. Great atmospheric sound scape with Japanese precision. Minimalistic Experimental IDM Techno. Including one Digital Bonus.

Hosono's solo career would take many twists and turns from this point forward, with forays into exotica, electronic, ambient, and techno, culminating in the massive success of techno pop group Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO), who made their debut in 1978. Admired by artists ranging from Van Dyke Parks to Mac DeMarco, Hosono continues to forge ahead as he heads into his fifth decade as a musician. With the re-release of his key albums for the first time outside of Japan, his genius will be discovered by a whole new generation of fans around the world.
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The unbelievably prolific Haruomi Hosono is one of the major architects of modern Japanese pop music. With his encyclopedic knowledge of music and boundless curiosity for new sounds, Hosono is the auteur of his own idiosyncratic musical world, putting his unmistakable stamp on hundreds of recordings as an artist, session player, songwriter and producer.

Born and raised in central Tokyo, his adolescent obsession with American pop culture informed his early forays into country music, which he would revisit later in his career. Hosono made his professional debut in 1969 as a member of Apryl Fool, whose heavy psychedelia was somewhat at odds with his influences, which leaned towards the rootsy sounds of Moby Grape and Buffalo Springfield. The latter was one of the main inspirations for his next group, Happy End, whose unique blend of West Coast sounds with Japanese lyrics proved to be highly influential over the course of three albums. After the band’s amicable break up in 1973, Hosono began his solo career with Hosono House, an intimate slice of Japanese Americana recorded inside a rented house with recording gear squeezed into its tiny bedroom.

Brassfoot Makes His Dba Debut Following A Number Of Appearances At The Dba Presents Parties. Since Breaking Through With His Apron Ep On Funkineven's World-leading Label In 2015, Brassfoot Has Turned Heads With Releases On Uttu, Paul Du Lac's Bio Rhythm, And His Own Seminal Nca Recordings. On The Indentured Servitude Ep Brassfoot Showcases His Own Unique Stepping House And Techno Flavour Across Six Tracks, With Time To Meditate And Reflect Between The Party-starting Peak Timers Also Included.

"blinds Down, Crouched Over My Desk, I Switch On My Machines. Whatever The Final Result Is, I Wouldn't Even Bother Unless I Was Having Fun First. Sometimes There's Just One Tiny Portion Of Magic After A Long Recording Session, But It's Always About The Enjoyment First. It's Dark Inside And It Influences The Mood Of The Music. It's Also Dark Outside And It's Obvious Where That Leaves Its Mark." (brassfoot, 2018)

Nigh/Tmare's most recent EP, entitled 'Hypnagogia' on Thrènes Records, is the perfect example of the artist's uncompromising attitude. The integral work on this project is the perfect sublimation of experimental overtones, rugged beats, and techno punch, making for a candid, outstanding, and diverse approach with a lot of edge.

The opening track, 'Inside Me', perfectly encapsulates the dark, melancholic atmosphere and the robust dynamism we find throughout the EP. Operating a more technoid and ethereal approach on 'Without Believing', Nigh/Tmare successfully communicates his urge to express his dystopian feelings of loneliness and despair. The journey continues with "Deflagration of Hell", which comes as a daring lamentation from deep inside the darkness. Killawatt's rework on this one heads off a bit of the original and discharges its emotional intensity by offering a new audaciously powerful dynamic. Finally, 'Despite Everything' keeps the perfectly balanced feel of the EP; it offers a subtle touch of dreaming and a hidden optimism. The digital edition includes an exclusive track and a longer version of Killawatt's interpretation.

Set for release in both physical and digital formats on October 12th, Hypnagogia EP marks Nigh/Tmare's first EP for Swiss-based record company Thrènes (which takes its name from the Greek word for funeral lament) and are a label dedicated to the release of tenebrous electronica and techno.

Next up in this ongoing split-ep series are two equally talented producers from different ends of the spectrum, both sharing their unique viewpoints on that special dreamspace of self-awareness and how the way there actually sounds like! Following his explosive Figure-EP just this recent summer, Juxta Position now reveals his more sublime side on these two technoid journeys. Keeping it raw and beautiful, the analogue lover lets his synths engage in dialogue, floating through murky realms and simply getting lost in the groove. A new face for Figure and definitely one to watch is Pablo Mateo. Taking a likewise subtle yet distinctly more grounded approach, his tunes unfold slowly and each tell their entirely own storyline. Tomo is an extraordinary specimen of how a track grows past its confines, into something genuinely touching and can eventually open up that space inside and what lies beyond!

Boredom, anxiety, pain killers and frustration make a heady mix for both reflection and action. For three weeks I stared out of the window of the tower block onto the tall brick towers of the old asylum chimneys. The past was a strange land suddenly out of reach, the present confusing and claustrophobic, the future something I could only visualise and idolise.

From the balmy Autumn day of my release a light was switched on, buzzing urgently like a neon street light on my path. Life took on new vigour and meaning. Pleasures starkly illuminated, annoyances inconsequential. Old work was re-examined and appreciated. Machines were treasured and connected. My basement filled with ever greater warmth and excitement.

The toy towns of our inner minds are constructed of a million tiny building blocks of experience. But there's a freedom that comes from realising what might have been. Peace in reflection, untethered from the everyday distraction and I take pleasure in the hum drum. Unhampered by trends, untethered to a scene, stripped back to essential carnal influences and desires. Who are we but the sum of our experience.

'Everything Is Quite Now' meanders through a reimagined landscape of personal history, releasing musical fragments to dri* amongst soaring treetops, hollowed lakes and labyrinthine concrete structures, liberated from genre and form - alive at last. In these great expanses, light and dark are presented not as polar opposites, but as a limitless, unified whole.

References to EBM and industrial techno manifest within the sporadic percussive framework whilst gauzy ambient backdrops form an entire world of their own, constructed from the gentle hiss of a looping tape, the booming caverns of a muffled kick, the vivid distortions of a crystalline synth. In the depths of a misty forest, warmth permeates, absorbing inside it all of the darkness, pain, romance and beauty from before.

Prequel Tapes is a work of deep synthesis. Fragments of melody and memory orchestrated into densely layered tapestries; a deeply emotional study on a life characterised by a shi*ing relationship to electronics. The pieces serve as a chronology of desire and reflection, reconciling a nascent passion for industrial music with a history in the club. Oscillating between utopian to claustrophobic, the evolving synth work, deep techno atmosphere and traces of clangorous energy of early European ambient and industrial tell a distinctly German tale, forged between the forest and the autobahn.

Everything is quite now. What else can it be.

We really think there are no accidents in life, or rather it's chance that makes things happen. When we started our project 'In The Meantime' we could immediately feel a connection, that invisible line joining people who have the same passion and feeling
towards music. We shared emotions and ideas, making music in harmony and mixing our visions like if we knew each other since longtime. This collaboration was a great opportunity for us both artistically and personally.

'In The Meantime' is a project that aims to find new ways of expression mixing ambient, electronic, techno and drone music into original dimensions and evocative atmospheres.

A love beyond...

Fresh off the release of his 'Cosmo EP' earlier this year, longstanding label stalwart Fetisch reignites the fire with 'Singularity EP' - the second EP from the forthcoming Terranova album. A six-tracker featuring four original cuts plus a pair of remixes from Seattle's Pezzner and Istanbul's Rising Star Alican along with collaborations with Sifa (Congo) & Ivory (Milan). The outerspace'y stomp of Terranova's prime versions of 'Cosmochord' feat Flashmob and 'Cosmocode' feat Voltague, both lifted from his latest outing Cosmo EP, resonates deep into the grooves of the present platter, whilst the ethereally hypnotic vibe of 'Let It Fail' (feat. Sifa & Ivory), with its brittle percussions and slow-scudding pad tapestries, as well as the left-of-centre, hovering electro of 'Powergrid' draw in a further zero-G atmospheric vein and 'Sophia (Ode to a Robot)' are tailored for dawn-time party communion and intense stargazing momentums. All of these tracks are inspired by Fetisch's obsession with the current developments in creating artificial intelligence and robotic technology and his ambition to add androids to the impressive list of humanoid guests of the Terranova Soundsystem.

Already quite the jacking pumper, 'Cosmochord' gets a further menacing treat with Pezzner at the controls - ramming the doors of the club by means of loud kicks and lusty piano chords - each of them pounding with the impact of an apposite Glasgow kiss. Meanwhile Alican takes 'Cosmocode' further into Saturnian confines, densifying the minimal backbone of the track with an extended battery of arpeggios, bleeps and middle-eastern percussions thrown in for good measure. With the rolling techno shuffle of 'Escape Ism' and stuttering rhythmic engineering of 'Tempelhof' (the 'Terranova Maschinenraum' studio is located inside Berlins old airport). Fetisch loops the loop on a pulsating note, expanding the mind to horizons both poetic and physical - further establishing his unmatched sound signature.

Seth Troxler & The Martinez Brothers' Tuskegee Music welcomes Chicago legend K- Alexi Shelby for a new EP that features some essential solo cuts as well as two great collaborations with Tony Lovlesss.K-Alexi is a genuine Chicago great. He's been at the core of the scene since the eighties and releasing his raw grooves on DJ International, Trax and Transmat, as well as his own K Klassik label. He has recently remixed for Seth Troxler's other label, Say It Play It, but is now back serving up the sort of engaging originals that have made him such an enduring star.
Excellent opener 'Cherry K Moon' is a raw slice of deep and soulful tech. The driving bassline melts your mind as afro percussion and driving drums make for a solid groove below. It's one for the late-night hours that will twist and turn any crowd inside out. The superb 'Dark Smile' is less tense and more house oriented in nature, with preacher style vocals up top and busy kicks down low. Live, chattery hand claps bring an organic feel and synth stabs inject looseness that will get hands in the air.
The pressure then builds through the manic Tony Lovlesss collab 'Anal Probe', a powerful techno track with hi tech drums and taught synths freaking you out as they ride up and down the scale. Their second track together 'Fly Shit' is more playful with radiant synths opening it up to the skies and lively, funky drum programming bringing a real sense of a sun kissed terrace party. Last of all, the standout 'Run With Jackals' feat. A.D.M is another heavily percussive track with rattling toms, vocal chants and hammering hits all adding up to a compelling afro-house rhythm. These are all innovate tracks that explore various different moods and grooves with a real sense of quality.

Elektroliza is a series of club events formed by a group of dedicated electronic music enthusiasts in 2006. It is hosted by Ljubljana's Channel Zero, a legendary club that is part of the autonomous social centre Metelkova which used to be the Slovenian headquarters of the Yugoslav National Army.Filling a void in Slovenia's electronic dance scene, the night was a hit from the start and quickly grew into a diverse and successful series focusing on new and exciting electro, acid and dark techno.Elektroliza hosted many memorable DJ and live acts by performers/producers/pioneers coming out of international music incubators in Gothenburg, The Hague, Berlin and as far as Detroit. Even more importantly, it brought together producers and crews from the former Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Macedonia. Inside the former Yugoslavian military barracks DJs and producers from Skopje to Ljubljana began bonding again through music, forming new friendships, starting new collaborations and dancing the night away... in 'Electro City Ljubljana'.This first double vinyl compilation of the Balkan Elektroliza family is a collection of our shared memories and visions of the future to come.

A near-perfect record, White Magic was the lauded CD-only debut album by Sorcerer (Californian native Dan Judd, one half of Windsurf with Hatchback). Just in time for Spring/Summer, we present the first ever vinyl issue, released as a deluxe double LP.

Back in summer 2007, this majestic set gently nestled itself into the Balearic soundtrack-to-summer slot for many, making him a household name for Cosmic Disco heads alongside the likes of Lindstrom, Metro Area, Todd Terje, Mudd, Studio and Quiet Village. In the intervening years, exceptional producers have created vibrant variations on the dreamy, dubby, melodic nu-disco theme. Happily, the emergence of such luminaries as Jex Opolis, Harvey Sutherland, Suzanne Kraft, Tornado Wallace et al has only served to make the master - Sorcerer - sound ever more brilliant and vital.

Utilising his array of guitars, drum machines, synths, and trusty MPC, the loved-up Sorcerer sound inspires halcyon memories of warm days, endless sunsets and pure youthful abandon. Influenced by surf, 80s dance pop, acid-R&B, space jazz, krautrock, disco, dub, and am radio gold, his music maps a tour through a uniquely Californian lifestyle. Yet when music so vividly captures a vibe and a feeling, it can make writing about it appear almost redundant. Instead, to glean the full colour of what your turntable will soon gratefully radiate, we prescribe the generous soundclips presented here.

And, for a unique insight into the process behind the wonderful sounds conjured up, here's Sorcerer himself:

"White Magic is a reflection of personal freedom and discovery. Having been in bands for years, this was a chance to develop music that stood alone and for me to be in full control.

I was living alone and worked on jams whenever I could. I was highly inspired by a new openness to music as a pure inspiration, not being part of any scene. I tapped into the mixes I was hearing coming out the UK where deejays were playing "cosmic" sounds that were so strangely familiar.

I was picking up all kinds of $1 vinyl and throwing bits of it into my sampler almost randomly to see what would come out.

In my mind, I was making music to be played at my friend's Broker/Dealer Pop nights where they fused golden German techno sounds with the new disco emerging at the time. Also, I took vacations and reconnected with the Pacific Ocean where I spent so much time as a kid: it spilled out into the sounds.

Lastly, I forged a partnership with Hatchback (Sam Grawe) who was working on music in the same way. I learned so much about arrangement and the colors of music. We began recording together as Windsurf and released our own stuff. It all seems like a small glorious moment in time, so I am so excited to keep the legacy alive and I continue to work on my music with these spirits inside of me."

Lovingly remastered by the esteemed Simon Francis, cut reassuringly loud on to heavyweight double vinyl and presented in a deluxe gatefold jacket with freshly commissioned artwork throughout from original designer Rich Robinson, this limited edition of 500 copies is sure to fly.

Tracks to get lost deep inside of: That's Elliott Lion's aim when he hits the studio solo... And that's the vibe we're definitely experiencing with this brand new EP for Warm. 

A complementary contrast to Elliott's other musical life as a member of a very well-known UK rock band, this three-track follow up to last year's 'Pearl' and 'Athens' probes even deeper into Elliott's psychedelic psyche than ever before. Total departure tracks: Timeless technoid expressions with tightly coiled narratives that unfold with sudden surprises and twists, each construction is a condensed trip. Time to buckle up...

Solar Phenomena keeps up a busy schedule with the third EP of 2018. This one comes from cult UK artist Duckett who's past collaborations include Tom Demac, Grimes Adhesif and Leif. Recently he has served up solo EPs for labels like Galdoors, UntilMyHeartStops and Wisdom Teeth. Mixing up elements of IDM, techno and ambient, he is a sculptor of timeless tracks that come from another world.

'Could I Pulverise A Leg' opens up the EP with trippy synths falling down the face of the track, with minimal drums and corrugated bass racing below. It's the sound of space travel in turbulent times. 'Cycling Is Crushed Inside A Moment He Forgot' is more sparse, with watery keys and curious melodies drifting about above another barely there groove. It's heavenly, celestial stuff that places you in a microbial world of neon colours and beautifully alien sounds. 'Flex' is more for the club, with broken mechanical drums and fractured vocal sounds all grinding together to make for something truly new and original sounding. 'Risks' then rounds out the EP with edgy ambience and coarse hits, swirling pads and an ominous suspense that keeps you engaged throughout. It rounds out a hugely inventive EP.

Darren Cunningham's eagerly~awaited new album is an adventurous, ultramodern, thoroughly British affair, rummaging about in the inner lives of house and techno, and brilliantly elaborating the accomplishments of his debut, Hazyville.
Determinedly off~the~map and resistant to pigeonholing, Cunningham is an enigmatic and playful figure, citing Francis Bacon and Monet as inspirations longside Theo Parrish, Anthony 'Shake' Shakir, Daft Punk, 'binary codes and numeral systems', and The Avengers. He's a hard man to pin down - somehow a key player in the post~dubstep diaspora and yet not there at all - but everything comes across in his shape~shifting, richly textured music.
The South Londoner's acclaimed debut lived up to its name: a series of dreamlike sketches and ideas. For Splazsh the fog has lifted, the sounds are less submerged than before, but still sticky and close - a signature combination of exuberance and introversion, luminescence and puzzlement. Unconstrained by the formal cliches of the dance music he loves, Actress' melodies and arrangements are enthralled by their own genies. Worlds of disturbance and melancholy revolve giddyingly inside the insidious funk of tracks like Get Ohn and Lost. A range of musical influences is redrawn, from speed garage (Always Human) to grime (Wrong Potion), with none crowned king. There is a reflectiveness - the ambient drift of Futureproofing, the radiophonic judder of
Supreme Cunnilingus - in amongst the industrial, synth~wave flavours of Casanova, and the stirring, stately Maze.
Actress has quickly and justly become one of the most respected names in the UK's new dance music underground. His own label, Werk Discs, has proven itself one of the most formidable and taste~making UK independents of recent times, bringing the world extraordinary albums from Zomby, Lukid, Lone and Actress himself. In love with the mysteries of groove and repetition, Splazsh is both a culmination and a new beginning for Actress, a substantial and eccentric work from a brave and coolly individual artist.
With international press interest gathering - photo features in Dazed And Confused, and Fader in the US, and a session with Wolfgang Tillmans for the cover of the German magazine Groove - the stage is set for Actress.

Seven years ago, Unbalance created his own label as a base for his musical ideas; a platform to play around with the conception of what "techno" is and would be alongside his own creative progression. Come to present day and the label is now at its ninth release, reaching a point where the line of accumulated experiences must be drawn in the sand — and the experiences of previous projects and releases lead to venerable conclusion.

Enter Ten, an album of internalized strife that was created during a period of big changes in the artist's life. Between enduring personal experiences, his creative output veering between his straightforward club eccentricities and subdural sensibilities; Unbalance cultivates a symbiotic link between sounds played and sounds portrayed — whilst paying tribute to the essence of groove, vibration and the hypnotic unknown that exists to balance the scales. This album will be the final point in the label's journey into the depths of multifaceted techno music.

Temperatures are dropping and we're all feeling the effects. Bordello A Parigi is letting the cold winds of the north swirl inside its doors with Russia's Volta Cab bringing a fresh 2LP to the table. A spread of influences come together for the eleven tracks of Rise Again. Take 'Emerald's Phantasy', a piece built on layers of percussion that blends elements of disco with notes of techno. 'Dark Room' is a different affair. Arctic chords are cut with electro and distant vocals for an unsettling treat. 'Kruger' stomps to a terse beat before lush pads bloom in a work that builds to dizzying peaks. Warm blasts balance these colder moments, the rich grooves of 'Savage Fury', the floor filling funk of 'Board Scandinavia' and the removed romance of 'Sweet Exorcist' all show another shade to the Volta Cab sound and of course there's more. Rise Again is an audio collection of vibrant colours and hues, tracks pitch from icy blues to autumnal ambers and fiery reds; a musical kaleidoscope that stretches across a spectrum of styles.